雙重國家與貝黑蒙

2014/04/14 - 10:45 — taipeiso

林佳和/政治大學法律系助理教授

歐洲政治學多元主義之父法蘭克（Ernst Fraenkel），多年觀察納粹，1941年提出著名的雙重國家說：納粹德國是雙重國家，有時是規範國家，重在法律穩定拘束，不論是行政處分、法院判決、乃至立法行為，都有軌跡可尋，重點在於資本主義經濟秩序的維繫與鞏固，可勉強稱之為法治、至少是法制國家。但納粹德國常以措施國家的面貌出現：只要為政治目的與意圖，法律不重要，程序更是笑話，只需決斷下的措施，當然是行政獨裁下的措施，雖然或許加上法律外衣。在此，什麼法治國、人權、程序正義都是廢物。納粹德國不是純粹的獨裁或極權國家，它是雙重國家。

觀察馬政府上台以來的表現，不禁令人想到雙重國家：絕不是純粹獨裁國家，它的行政並非完全恣意，法院也不是沒有絲毫的獨立性，國會更是有反對派存在，也常有現代法治國家的形式與實質出現，一些民主與人權的價值亦體現有時。然而，只要扯上中國因素，從陳雲林事件到服貿協議的任意妄為，馬政府的國家機器就突然易容變臉，諸多行徑常與威權獨裁國家不分軒輊。義大利哲學家阿岡本說：現代政治之謎，不在主權，而在政府，不在上帝，而在天使，不在君主，而在部長，不在法律，而在警察。碰到中國的馬政府，竟成雙重國家與阿岡本政治玄妙的最佳寫照。

法蘭克福學派法學者諾意曼（Franz Neumann），也有本觀察納粹德國的名著，其結語說道：吾人深信，國家社會主義就是一個非國家，或至少朝這個方向發展，通往一個混亂，一個無法無天的宰制，吞噬了人民的權利與尊嚴，並且準備運用最高權力將全世界變為混亂之地，如此的國家社會體制，我只能給它一個最合適的名字：貝黑蒙（Behemoth）。作為古猶太神話中的陸地怪物貝黑蒙，脾氣陰晴不定，時則溫順，片刻即狂亂凶暴，吞噬殘殺人民，通往的就是無邊的災難。希望台灣能夠脫離雙重國家的陰影，不能淪為貝黑蒙的蹂躪之地，端視的，不是道德呼籲或禮貌禮節，而是捍衛民主與人權的決心與意志。

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